Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a spinal condition commonly seen in dogs that can cause significant pain and mobility issues. The discs in a dog’s spine degenerate, leading to pain, nerve damage, and even paralysis. Your dog’s discs act as cushions between the vertebrae, providing flexibility and shock absorption. When they deteriorate, they can bulge or burst, pressing on the spinal cord and nerves.
There are two main types of IVDD:
- Type I IVDD: The disc ruptures suddenly, often affecting younger dogs and results in various degrees of pain and paralysis.
- Type II IVDD: The disc slowly degenerates over time, typically affecting older dogs. These are typically less painful.
- Type III IVDD: A small piece of healthy disc breaks away and strikes the spinal cord with significant force causing a bruise like injury to the spinal cord.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing IVDD involves a combination of observing symptoms and utilizing diagnostic tools. Common symptoms to watch for include:
- Sudden or gradual onset of back pain
- Reluctance to move or jump
- Crying out in pain
- Hunched back
- Weakness or uncoordinated movement in the hind legs
- Paralysis
To confirm a diagnosis, veterinarians may use:
- Neurological Exams: Assessing reflexes, pain response, and motor functions.
- X-rays: Providing a basic view of the spine, though not definitive for IVDD.
- MRI or CT Scans: Offering detailed images of the spinal cord and discs to pinpoint the exact location and severity of the issue.
Prevention
Unfortunately not all cases of IVDD can be prevented, however, there are measures that can help reduce the risk:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Excess weight puts additional stress on the spine.
- Regular Controlled Exercise: Keeping your dog fit strengthens the muscles supporting the spine.
- Avoid High-Impact Activities: Limit activities that involve jumping or sudden twisting movements, especially in breeds prone to IVDD.
- Use Proper Harnesses: Harnesses distribute pressure more evenly than collars, reducing strain on the neck and spine.
- Provide Supportive Bedding: Ensure your dog has a comfortable place to rest, with good support for the spine.
Risk Factors and Genetic Testing
Certain breeds are more prone to IVDD due to genetic predispositions. Breeds at higher risk include:
- Dachshunds
- Beagles
- Cocker Spaniels
- Shih Tzus
- Pekingese
- French Bulldogs
Treatment Options
Treatment for IVDD varies based on the severity of the condition:
- Conservative Management: For mild cases, this involves strict crate rest (typically 4-6 weeks), anti-inflammatory medications, and pain relief.
- Medications: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, and muscle relaxants help reduce pain and inflammation.
- Surgery: Required for severe cases where conservative management fails or if there is significant neurological impairment.
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy plays a crucial role in managing IVDD, helping to:
- Improve mobility
- Strengthen muscles supporting the spine
- Reduce pain
- Prevent further injury
Types of physical therapy include:
- Hydrotherapy: Using water to provide resistance and support while the dog exercises.
- Laser Therapy: Reducing pain and inflammation through targeted light therapy.
- Massage and Manual Therapy: Alleviating muscle tension and improving circulation.
- Exercise Programs: Tailored exercises to enhance strength and flexibility.
Surgical Options
Surgery is often necessary for dogs with severe IVDD or when conservative treatment fails. Surgical options include:
- Hemilaminectomy: Removing the side part of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
- Fenestration: Removing part of the disc to prevent further herniation.
- Dorsal Laminectomy: Removing the roof of the vertebra to access and relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
Post-surgery, dogs typically require rehabilitation, including physical therapy and restricted activity to ensure successful recovery.
Outlook and Prognosis
The outlook for dogs with IVDD varies based on the severity of the condition and the treatment received. With prompt and appropriate treatment:
- Mild to Moderate Cases: Many dogs recover well with conservative management or surgery, regaining most or all of their mobility.
- Severe Cases: Dogs with significant neurological damage may have a guarded prognosis. Early intervention and comprehensive care improve outcomes.
Regular follow-ups with your veterinarian are important to monitor your dog’s progress and adjust treatment plans as needed. With proper management, many dogs with IVDD can lead happy, active lives.
Conclusion
Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a serious condition that requires careful attention and management. By understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options, pet owners can make informed decisions to support their dogs’ health and well-being. If you suspect your dog may have IVDD, consult your primary veterinarian promptly to ensure the best possible care and outcome. Metropolitan Veterinary Associates has a team of Neurologists ready to assist if your veterinarian believes your dog needs specialty care. By staying informed and proactive, you can help your dog live a comfortable and fulfilling life despite the challenges of IVDD.